The Effect Of Stimulating Brain Oscillations On Memory...

In recent years, a growing number of research has looked at the effects of stimulating brain oscillations on memory performance. Brain oscillations are fluctuations in local field potentials, caused by the input of neurons in to a specific cell assembly (Hanslmayr, Staudigl, Fellner, 2012). In response to a stimulus, alpha (~10 Hz) and beta (~15-30 Hz) oscillation power decrease in activity, while theta (~4-7 Hz) and gamma (~40-100 Hz) oscillations increase (Hanslmayr Staudigl, 2014). The changes in oscillatory power evoked by a stimulus modulate synaptic plasticity, the basis of memory formation (Dà ¼zel, Penny, Burgess, 2010). Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used in the entrainment of cortical oscillations (Ali, Sellers, Frà ¶hlich, 2013). tACS induces extracellular voltage fluctuations that arise from neural activity via electrodes placed on the scalp (Jutras Buffalo, 2014). It allows the frequency and amplitude of oscillations to be alternated during stimulation, in a way that is less likely to entrain oscillations other than the intended frequency, making it a more specific technique to use (Herrmann, Rach, Neuling, Strà ¼ber, 2013). The basic assumption is that if oscillations are essential to a specific cognitive function, then using tACS to stimulate these oscillations should elicit that particular function (Sejnowski Paulsen, 2006). The current study will use tACS in order to monitorShow MoreRelatedMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesworld the vocabulary of management was suddenly expanded by the discussion of â €˜green consumers’, ‘green markets’ and ‘green products’ and the practice of ‘environmental’ or ‘green marketing’. For majority of the companies improving environmental performance has, until recently, been a question of legislative compliance and occasional reactions to external events and pressures. It has only been companies in the front-line sectors such as oil, chemicals, power and cars that have gone beyond a reactiveRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in

A Comparison of Shakespeares Prince Hamlet and...

A Comparison of Prince Hamlet and Machiavellis The Prince Machiavelli states that it is necessary for a prince, who wishes to maintain himself, to learn how not to be good, and use this knowledge and not use it, according to the necessity of the case. Machiavellis ideas both compare and contrast to the methods used by Hamlet. Hamlets desire to drive the king mad and eventually kill him, is what he thinks he must do in order to set things right. Hamlet struggles to maintain his position as prince. Perhaps he lacks the essential qualities of a prince outlined by Machiavelli. According to Machiavelli, the pursuit of all things regarded as virtuous and praiseworthy will only lead to the princes ruin. This†¦show more content†¦I know not seems. Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, nor customary suits of solemn black . . . Together with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, that can denote me truly. These indeed seem, for they are actions that a man might play; but I have that within which passes show, these but the trappings and the suits of woe. (Hamlet, I, ii., 76-86) Hamlet tells her in this quote, that his feelings are true, and that he does in fact grieve for his father. His outward self is just like his inward self. He reveals this again later, in his first soliloquy, when he shows his disgust for the seeming world, in which everything is weary, stale, flat and unprofitable. (Hamlet, I, ii., 133) Hamlet must soon come to disregard his sense of morality in order to save himself, and he does, proving the second part of Machiavellis quote: Therefore, it is necessary for a prince, who wishes to maintain himself, to learn how not to be good ... The first signs of this appear when the players arrive at the court. He shows that he can learn how not to be good, when he uses the first players skill to his advantage. He asks the player You could study a speech of some dozen or sixteen lines, which I would set down and insert int, couldnt you? (Hamlet, II, ii., 534-536) The player then agrees that he will insert the speech written by Hamlet into his own speech, on the night of the play. In his soliloquy, Hamlet mentions how he will use the players acting

Ethical Dilemmas Health System

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Dilemmas for Health System. Answer: Introduction Australia has a long, mixed health system with both private and private sector roles in the provision and financing of the health care services (Toffoli, Rudge, and Barnes, 2011). The primary goal of the healthcare systems is to provide the good health and equal health care rights and services to all the Australians (Heti.nsw.gov.au, 2016). Moreover, the healthcare system of Australia is a multi-faceted network of private and public providers, participants, settings, as well as, supporting mechanisms. There are a number of health providers and health care settings, which consists of medical practitioners, allied health professions, nurses, clinics, hospitals, non-government and government agencies. The aim of these providers is to deliver efficient services and care across various levels, from preventive services and public health care in the community to the emergency health care services, primary health services, rehabilitation care, and hospital-based care and treatment (Aihw.gov. au, 2014). Registered nurses are often required to work in a vast range of settings including but not limited to a general ward, aged care, paediatrics, emergency, ICU, cardiac, rehabilitation and mental illness (YildirimAycan 2008).Further, it has been observed that the nurses comprises the largest group of workers in a health-care setting in various countries and moreover, in Australia, the nurses constitute the largest group of workers and comprises largest employee group in the healthcare setting. Hence, nursing skills attribute towards the care and outcome of the healthcare services with the patient (Jacob, McKenna, and D'Amore, 2013). Registered Nurse and Ethical Dilemmas Fundamental values related to alleviating the sufferings, as well as, preserving the life of the patients are shared by all the healthcare members of the nursing and medical professions. Nurses are accountable and responsible for providing effective, safe, and ethical care and services to their patients (Mason, 2005). There are different practice standards, as well as, professional codes that govern the nursing in the healthcare setting. For instance, the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia underlines the professional accountability of nurses in the healthcare setting. In Australia, Code of Ethics for Nurses has been developed for the effective management and better understanding of the nursing profession. The Code of Ethics outlines the commitment of the nursing profession to promote, respect, uphold, and protect the fundamentalrights of the individuals who are both providers and the recipients of the nursing, as well as, health care (Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia, 200 8). Moreover, in conjunction with the code of professional conduct for nurses, they set and describe the minimum standards that nurses have to uphold in the regulatory jurisdictions both within, as well as, outside of the professional area and domains for ensuring good standing of the nursing profession in Australia (Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia, 2008). It is the responsibility of a nurse to make sure that the relationship which is based on the goals and plans are therapeutic in purport and outcome is well-maintained. (A nurses guide to professional boundaries, 2010). The registered nurse is legally accountable and responsible for the analysis, synthesis, as well as, evaluation of the data that is collected on clients through the direct observation by the registered nurse (Aihw.gov.au, 2016). However, there is a certain situation where ethical dilemmas arise and nurses have to face these ethical dilemmas to accept or reject the care of the patient. The refusa l of the patient care can lead to the ethical and legal dilemmas and may possess the implications on the practice of the individual as a health care professional (Turkoski, 2003). Refusal of the patient allocation and Ethical dilemma: The ability to assign tasks, delegate, and supervision are the primary skills required of the registered nurse in any sphere and level of the practice in a healthcare setting. Moreover, the registered nurse has the duty of carrying out the proper assessment, implementation, planning, and evaluation of the role of the provision of healthcare services to the patient (White and Dudley-Brown, 2012). The nursing staff who values the quality of the nursing care also recognize and understand that they are responsible for the decision-making regarding the care of the patient, accepting their legal and moral responsibilities to ensure that they possess the skills, knowledge, and experience, which is necessary and required for providing competent and safe nursing care to the patient, as well as, also to ensure that they practise their care within the boundaries and ethics of their professional position. However, in certain situations where the patient allocation is unsafe or risky, an ethical dilemma arises for the registered nurse to accept or refuse the patient. The action of the registered nurse may lead to the consequences on the professional life of the individual (Guidelines for the registered nurse in giving, accepting, or rejecting an assignment, 1997). Hence, refusal of the patient by the registered nurse should be within the norms of the ethics and conduct of the nursing care. For instance, according to the code of ethics for nurses in Australia, a registered nurse can refuse to participate in the treatment and care of the patient in case, the case is unacceptable on the religious or moral grounds of the nurse. Hence, if the provision of the care conflicts with the religious beliefs or cultural values of the registered nurse, the nurse may refuse the allocation of the patient or an assignment and will be protected against the retaliation (Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia, 2008). In this case, the refusal of the patient by the nurse is within the norms of the code of ethics for the nurse and does not lead to the ethical dilemma. However, in some cases, the refusal of the patient can lead to the ethical dilemma. For instance, refusing the allocation of the patient if the case is unsafe or risky, like in care of the communicable diseases or pandemic break can lead to the ethical dilemma depending upon the nature of the case. A registered nurse can also maintain their own safety and promote quality practice by adhereing to procedures, precautions, protocols and guidelines created to protect staff and consumers of health care. For example preventing the spread of dieseases to other patients, staff or people in the community, by adheraring to infection control stadards for which there are various measures for different circumstances (Pittet 2005). Such as Personal Protective equipment for infectious patients, needle stick injury protocols and hand hygiene workshops. More over it is the registered nurses responsibility to know what to do if infection control is breached and then to report it to prevent or reduce the risk of it from happening again. However, in the case, where nurse receives an assignment or allocation of the patient is done that is considered unsafe to deal or perform independently, the registered nurse has the right, as well as, obligation to request a modified assignment and patient allocation, which reflects the level of competence of the registered nurse (Whitehead, Weiss and Tappen, 2007). Declining the allocation of the patient or nursing assignment can result in the workplace tension and stress, and in some cases, it could also lead to the loss of confidence by the healthcare management. Hence, it is very important to possess a healthy balance between personal, as well as, professional lives, and it often involves saying 'no' at certain times (Tschudin and Davis, 2008). As conscientious objection is allowed according to the code of ethics for nurses in Australia. According to the American Nurses Association, the registered nurses have the right to reject the nursing assignment that can put the patient or themselves in immediate and serious jeopardy. Moreover, even in the case where the nurse is allocated a nursing assignment where the nurse believes that he/she is not having required skills, knowledge, or experience that are necessary to perform and provide the duties in the allocated case, he/she should consult the supervisor and should state that she/he cannot accept the allocation of the assignment or the patient. However, it requires following proper steps and actions by the concerned authority and the registered nurse is liable to be answerable to the authority (Ketefian, 2000). As the foremost duty of the nurse is effective care of the patient, the inefficient skills or knowledge of the nurse about the case would affect the outcome of the care on the patient. This is why refusal of patient allocation is allowed in case no effect on the continuum of the care is observed (Schoonover-Shoffner, 2007). Registered nurses, as well as, licensed practical nurses, share the accountability and the responsibility along with the employer for ensuring the provision of effective and safe nursing care to the patients. However, there are certain cases where to face the questionable situation when the patient refuses the care. During these situations, it is very important for the nurses to explore various options in the most positive manner keeping in mind that the patients safe care along with the maintenance of their autonomy is their foremost duty. There are various situations where the patient refuses care on the basis of their spiritual and religious beliefs (Stringer, 2009). For instance, in Muslim culture, the chastity, modesty, and restraint for women are important. This highly valued modesty based on these cultural and religious beliefs make women reluctant to seek health care such as pelvic examination or cystoscopy. Hence, in some cases, Muslim women refuses seeking examination based on their religious beliefs of not allowing intimate exposures. According to the cultural and religious beliefs of Jehovahs Witness, it is not acceptable to have blood products or blood transfusion, based on their biblical readings. The people belonging to this community faces an obstacle in seeking proper treatment due to their faiths and beliefs as they refuse blood or blood products (Chand, Subramanya, and Rao, 2014). For instance, in Muslim culture, there are strongly religious and culture based concerns regarding modesty, most prominently seeking treatment from someone who is of opposite sex. A Muslim woman cannot seek care from the male nurse and vice-versa. Moreover, according to the Islamic culture, if the man dies at the hand of a female, they will be deprived of being virgins when they die and goes to hell (Leaman, 2010). Hence, the male Muslims during their dying hours refuse to get care from the female nurse because of the fear of dying in the hands of the female nurse. These kinds of activities are the cultural and religious beliefs of their tradition and these situations raise ethical dilemmas for nurses during the provision of the health care services and care. In this kind of ethical dilemmas, there is a contrast of research-based insights and knowledge gained by the nurses during their nursing practices to the beliefs achieved from this kind of things like religious beliefs (Stringer, 2009). In case, there is a limited male staff nurse in the healthcare organization, the situation can raise an ethical dilemma against the provision of the healthcare services to the patient. There are various other situations that can lead to ethical dilemmas in the healthcare setting. For instance, what should be the intervention and plan for the nurse who is dealing with the patient that requires transfusion for a living but has the religious or cultural beliefs where transfusions and blood products are not acceptable as in the case of Jehovahs Witness. The nu rse is very much familiar with the fact that the patients live can be threatened if no transfusion is provided, but cannot continue to the process against the will of the patient. The ethical principles regarding the autonomy of the patient versus beneficence of the patient come into conflict where a healthcare practitioner believes that the transfusion is necessary and is in the patients interest, but the client refuses to undergo transfusion (Stringer, 2009). An effective and immediate communication regarding the situation among the staff members and shift coordinator to make necessary allocation changes should be made. Moreover, patient should be aware about the consequences of refusal of the care. To respect the personal and cultural beliefs of the clients is the foremost duty of the nurses and they have to work maintaining the autonomy of the patient (Knapp, Lemoncelli and VandeCreek, 2010). Response to the complaints to the Midwifery Nursing Board or Director of Nursing: Legal and ethical requirements for the practice by nurses exist to ensure the health, welfare, and safety of the general public, as well as, to protect nursing professions integrity. However, there are certain cases, where the nurses refuse the care of the patient and in this case, the refusal of the care and treatment of the patient could raise an ethical dilemma against the registered nurse. As a result, a situation can occur where a complaint is made against the action of the nurse of refusing the allocation or care of the patient. Hence, an investigation will be made in the case of refusing care in case the complaint is filed against the registered nurse (Anon, 2009). The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (SA) is the most powerful industrial and professional organization composed of registered nurses, personal care assistants, and midwives. The main objective of the organization is to encourage and promote the community engagement on various issues that can impact the n ursing profession. They are the leading voice for the midwives, nurses, as well as, personal care assistants, which works together for negotiating the positive results for their members at state, local, and federal levels. Hence, the foremost step of the registered nurse should be getting enrolled in this organization and becoming a member of it. Being a member of this organization can help the nurse in various situations where ethical dilemmas occur and they can seek advice related to it for being conscientious (Anmfsa.org.au, 2016). The nurse should always remain to prepare the disciplinary actions that may result due to the decision of refusing an allocation of the patient. Therefore, at the time of refusal of the allocation of the patient, the registered nurse must provide a written documentation regarding the reason for refusing the care of the patient. The registered nurse should also keep a copy of the provided documentation with themselves and the steps that were taken durin g the situation. The documentation can provide a record which is valid regarding the situation in case of future references (Massnurses.org, 2016). The registered nurse should be able to provide a clear and evident reason that on what basis he or she have rejected the care of the patient, whether the reason for rejection is based on the moral grounds, religious beliefs, cultural beliefs, safety, or risk related to the care. The nurse should be able to provide an open, prompt, and constructive response, which also included an explanation of the related action (Medicalboard.gov.au, 2016). Moreover, the registered nurse should also be aware of the different options to contest any kind of disciplinary action if taken by the authority (Massnurses.org, 2016). The registered nurse can also take a legal advice regarding the situation and possible solutions when there is an ethical dilemma within the healthcare setting. Conclusion The Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia describes the set of various expected standards of nursing and the required conduct for the nurses in Australia. Any kind of breach of this Code of conduct may raise an unprofessional conduct or professional misconduct. Hence, nurses have the responsibility of providing a safe, as well as, competent care to each and every individual who is seeking medical and health care. Moreover, there are certain guidelines related to the code of ethics under which the nurse and other healthcare professionals have to provide the care to the patients. However, in any situation it is found that the nurse or midwife has not followed the code of ethics and other legal regulations during the provision of the care to the patient, the Nursing and Midwifery Council nursing would use these set of requirements and guidelines that are outlined for assessment of the performance and actions of any nurse or midwife involved in such a situation and will de termine if any kind of disciplinary action is required against the midwife or nurse or not. The situations that raise ethical issues for the nurse generally includes a conflict amongst the professional obligations of the nurse towards the patient and his or her personal obligations. Hence, the registered nurses should use a problem-solving method and approach which is ethically sound and can help the registered nurses for considering the relevant factors, as well as, best solutions for the ethical dilemmas (Anon, 2013). References A nurses guide to professional boundaries. (2010).Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. Aihw.gov.au. (2014).Australia's health system (AIHW). [online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/australias-health/2014/health-system/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Aihw.gov.au. (2016).Nursing workforce definitions (AIHW). [online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/nursing-workforce-definitions/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Anmfsa.org.au. (2016).Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (SA Branch) | Protecting. Developing. Empowering.. [online] Available at: https://www.anmfsa.org.au/ [Accessed 12 Oct. 2016]. Anon, (2009).Refusing Assignments and Discontinuing Nursing Services. [online] Available at: https://www.cno.org/globalassets/docs/prac/41070_refusing.pdf [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Anon, (2013).Professional obligations of nurses and midwives to ensure safe patient care. [online] Available at: https://www.nswnma.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Campaign-Ratios-Resources-safe-patient-care-and-nurse-professional-obligations-attachment-Safe-Patient-Care-and-Nurse-Professional-Obligation-DL-FINAL.pdf [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Chand, N., Subramanya, H. and Rao, G. (2014). Management of patients who refuse blood transfusion.Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 58(5), p.658. Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia. (2008).Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. (2008).Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. Guidelines for the registered nurse in giving, accepting, or rejecting an assignment. (1997). Seattle: Washington State Nurses Association. Heti.nsw.gov.au. (2016).The Australian healthcare system - HETI. [online] Available at: https://www.heti.nsw.gov.au/international-medical-graduate/australian-healthcare-system/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Jacob, E., McKenna, L. and D'Amore, A. (2013). The changing skill mix in nursing: considerations for and against different levels of nurse.J NursManag, 23(4), pp.421-426. Ketefian, S. (2000). Legal and ethical issues: Ethical considerations in international nursing.Journal of Professional Nursing, 16(5), p.257. Knapp, S., Lemoncelli, J. and VandeCreek, L. (2010). Ethical responses when patients' religious beliefs appear to harm their well-being.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(5), pp.405-412. Leaman, O. (2010). Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, by Andrew Rippin.Ilahiyat Studies, 1(1), pp.238-240. Mason, J. (2005). The ethical dilemmas of nursing.Aust. Health Review, 29(1), p.123. Massnurses.org. (2016).Application - Accept or Reject an Assignment - Nursing Practice - Nursing Resources - Massachusetts Nurses Association. [online] Available at: https://www.massnurses.org/nursing-resources/nursing-practice/accept-reject/application [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Medicalboard.gov.au. (2016).Medical Board of Australia - Code of conduct. [online] Available at: https://www.medicalboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Policies/Code-of-conduct.aspx [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Pittet D, 2005, Infection control and quality health care in the new millenium, American Journal of Infection Control, vol. 33, no.5, pp. 258-267. Schoonover-Shoffner, K. (2007). Thinking Through Ethical Dilemmas.Journal of Christian Nursing, 24(4), p.180. Stringer, S. (2009). Ethical issues involved in patient refusal of life-saving treatment.Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(3), pp.30-33. Toffoli, L., Rudge, T. and Barnes, L. (2011). The work of nurses in private health: Accounting for the intangibles in care delivery.Health Sociology Review, 20(3), pp.338-351. Tschudin, V. and Davis, A. (2008).The globalisation of nursing. Oxford: Radcliffe Pub. Turkoski, B. (2003). Ethical Dilemma.Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional, 21(8), pp.518-521. White, K. and Dudley-Brown, S. (2012).Translation of evidence into nursing and health care practice. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Whitehead, D., Weiss, S. and Tappen, R. (2007).Essentials of nursing leadership and management. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. Yildirim, D Aycan Z 2008, Nurses work demands and work-family conflict: A questionnaire survey, International Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol. 45, No. 9, pp. 1366-1378.

Risk Assessment of a Warehouse

Safety of warehouses in the United States is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), as provided for under the Occupational Safety and Health Act which was legislated by the Congress and signed into law in the year 1970. Safety of the warehouse should, however, not be viewed as just meeting the minimum legal requirements but as an obligation to prevent occupational health risks, illnesses, injuries and even deaths.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Assessment of a Warehouse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yet, most industrial, commercial as well as retail facility warehouses still fail to promote safety due to insufficient time, inadequate resources, or simply because of unwillingness to comply with the moral requirements. The potential warehouse risks that have been identified in the assessment and which have also been cited by OSHA as the most common include risks associated with fire, general housekeeping including floors, chemical safety, noise, material handling equipments and fork lifts. Fire is perhaps the most challenging and potentially most devastating of all warehouse safety risks. It calls for cautious safety plans such as proper warehouse fire safety design, installing in-rack fire extinguishers and adoption of sufficient fire prevention practices. â€Å"Catastrophic fires can easily be prevented or minimized by investing in competent fire expertise† in the daily operation of the warehouse (Roughton 38). It is important to redesign the warehouse to improve its accessibility, to provide fire walls, smoke and heat removals, so as correspond to the standards as stipulated in the Fire and Inspections Code. A number of incidents and accidents in the warehouse can also be mitigated easily through good house keeping. Basic general house keeping practices such as making sure that the floor is free of dents, pits or pot-holes are essential to a safe warehouse. Slippery, loose and damaged floors that pose tripping hazard should be repaired forthwith. Working tools, cords, wires and other items not in use should also not be allowed to scatter on the floor, but should be stacked properly in a secure place. The presence of chemicals in the warehouse also poses a very serious safety risk. Other common warehouse liquid chemicals such as aerosols and oxidizers are explosively flammable and should therefore be kept away from open flames. On the other hand, chemicals that form part of the warehouse inventory should be handled with great care and should always be stored as prescribed by the manufacturer or as per the recommendations of the Fire Code. Warehouse operators should also be â€Å"properly educated about the available chemicals and should have adequate knowledge on their usage†, appropriate handling requirements and recommended first aid procedures (Ladou 46). Again, regular employee education programs should incor porate aspects of safety and should also integrate training on fire fighting and evacuation procedures. Forklifts and other material handling equipment are very crucial for moving heavy loads in the warehouse. Yet, if not used properly, these important equipments can become equally hazardous. Therefore, only properly trained, competent and licensed persons should be allowed to operate mechanical forklifts and other automated equipment.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from delineating aisles, door ways and dock areas, it is also important to prohibit walking on pallets. It is also important to make sure that all employees are knowledgeable in handling equipment, particularly to stop machinery in case of an emergency. It is always good to keep in mind that apart from preventing ugly incidents, a safe warehouse reduces damage of equipment as well as inventory. â€Å"A s afe warehouse also minimizes loss of fixtures, saves on costs† and improves overall productivity (Nagurney 21). Works Cited Ladou, Joseph. Current Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Toronto: McGraw- Hill Professional, 2006. Print. Nagurney, Anna: Supply Chain Network Economics: Dynamics of Flow. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006. Print. Roughton, James. Developing an Effective Safety Culture: A Leadership Approach. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.Print. This report on Risk Assessment of a Warehouse was written and submitted by user Zayne Schneider to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

261 Vonnegut and Slaughterhouse-Five Professor Ramos Blog

261 Vonnegut and Slaughterhouse-Five Quick Write Kurt Vonnegut (1922 2007) Slaughterhouse-Five (1969) 1972 Movie

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes The WritePass Journal

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Introduction Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes IntroductionTranscriptionTranscription in ProkaryotesTranscription in EukaryotesConclusionReferences  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Related Introduction The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) its an organic compound whose molecules contain genetic instructions, its role is to store necessary information to create ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins. The DNA segment that encloses this information is called gene. The DNA molecular structure was discovered jointly by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. From a chemistry perspective the DNA is a long polymer composed of two simple units, the monomers of nucleotides, whose main chain is formed by phosphate and sugar molecules. Connected to the sugar molecule is a molecule of four nitrogenous bases. The sequence of bases along the DNA constitute the genetic information which encodes the amino acids of proteins specific sequences. Translation occurs through the RNA messenger (mRNA) by copying part of the DNA chain through the process of transcription, subsequently this information is translated in proteins. RNA is used to synthesize proteins. Eukaryotes such as animals, plants and funghi contain their DNA inside the nucleus while prokaryotes such as bacteria DNA is scattered in the cytoplasm. Transcription The term transcription is given to the first stage of gene expression, when a DNA template synthesizes RNA. Proteins are synthesized by DNA through the nucleic acid RNA. RNA and DNA are similar, however, RNA contains ribose as its sugar and a uracil base, DNA in turn contains deoxyribose and a thymine base, therefore, whilst DNA nucleotides have a base A, G, C, or T, and RNA nucleotides have a base A, G, C, or U. DNA and RNA along with proteins are polymers that transmit information all the way through specific sequences of monomers. In both nucleic acids these monomers comprise four types of nucleotides supplying a specific sequence of nucleotide bases to each gene. In proteins the monomers are amino acids meticulously ordered in polypeptides. Transcription and translation are the means to synthesize protein from DNA. DNA and RNA only transcribe information from molecule to molecule. DNA synthesizes RNA through transcription by providing a template for assembling a corresponding sequence of RNA nucleotides, an identical process to DNA replication where a DNA strand template synthesizes new strands. In proteins, the resultant RNA molecule is called messenger RNA (mRNA), and is a transcript of the protein gene that communicates a genetic message from DNA to the cell synthesizing the protein. The three stages of transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. The RNA transcript not yet translated into protein is a primary transcript. RNA synthesis is initiated in the nucleotide where the promoter gene, the RNA binding site, defines not only the beginning of transcription but also which DNA strand is the template. The promoter is where transcription begins when the RNA polymerase has attached. In eukaryotes the transcription factors composed by a set of proteins liaise the RNA polymerase binding and the beginning of transcription. In prokaryotes the RNA polymerase identifies and binds to the promoter, RNA polymerase II only binds to the promoter once specific transcription factors have already attached, this is called the transcription initiation complex, where enzyme begins transcribing the template DNA strand. Termination in prokaryotes is reached when the transcription proceeds through a terminator sequence in DNA, the terminator RNA which has then been transcribed is the terminator signal, and the transcript is released when the polymerase separates from the DNA which is then used as mRNA. Termination in eukaryotes happens through the polyadenylation signal sequence when the RNA polymerase II has transcribed the DNA sequence, which codes for the polyadenylation signal (AAUAA) in the pre-mRNA. After that, the AAUAA signal nucleotides, and RNA transcript proteins detach it from the polymerase, liberating the pre-mRNA. However, the polymerase precedes transcribing DNA for nucleotides after the site where the pre-mRNA was generated. The enzyme RNA polymerase is capable to start a chain without a primer, and therefore, reunites the RNA nucleotides while they pair off the base along the DNA template, assembling a polynucleotide just in its 5’ – 3’ direction. DNA nucleotides sequences determine the beginning and finishing of transcription. Transcription in Prokaryotes Prokaryotes enclose a particular type of RNA polymerase, a complex enzyme composed of five sub-units ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃŽ ´ (holoenzyme), that form a core enzyme which when bound to DNA synthesizes RNA. The core enzyme is attached to random DNA sites and the purified polymerase is called the sigma factor (ÃŽ ´). Attachment of sigma factor to the core enzyme begins the transcription-promoter recognition. The enzyme then divides both DNA strands in the starting site. Once about ten nucleotides have been integrated into a transcript, the enzyme is changed to a transcriptional elongation complex releasing the sigma factor. The nucleotide at which transcription starts is designated as +1 and the previous nucleotide as -1. The previous DNA toward the 3’ end of the template is called upstream and the following DNA toward the 5 end of the template is called downstream. Small nucleotides sequences are recognized by an RNA polymerase as DNA connection point to start transcription, the promoters have consensus sequences recognized by enzymes. These sequences occur at about 10 and 35 nucleotide pairs before the initial site of transcription. Prokaryotic cells have an array of distinct sigma factors that recognise different promoter sequences. Elongation is performed by the core enzyme after the release of ÃŽ ´ subunit. The polymerase continuously unfolds the DNA ahead and folds the DNA behind the site of transcription (already transcribed). The RNA strand will be disengaging from the DNA as that RNA polymerase moves along the double helix. The protein RHO is necessary for termination of transcription. Termination occurs when the RNA polymerase finds a termination signal – the transcription complex dissociates and releases the RNA molecule. Sometimes, the polymerase finishes transcription without additional factors when it arrives at a terminator sequence and releases the RNA. There are two types of terminators in E. coli:-dependent terminators of RHO and independent terminators of RHO. Transcription in Eukaryotes In eukaryotes there are three types of different RNA polymerases acting in transcription, RNA polymerase I, RNA polymerase II, RNA polymerase III. Each RNA polymerase is responsible for transcription of a specific class of genes This difference in RNA polymerases is one of the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Other difference in transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes involve an array of transcription factors. Transcription factors are accessory proteins are essential for polymerase binding to DNA template throughout the whole three stages of transcription. The three types of RNA (mRNA’s, rRNA’s and tRNA’s) are originated from RNA molecules. The first RNA is called the primary transcript, (pre-RNA). The site of DNA from which a primary transcript is transcribed is a transcription unit. The generation of RNA involves 90 to 300 nucleotides and their accessory proteins. The genes primary transcripts that encode proteins suffer modification before being transported to the cytoplasm. RNA polymerase requires transcription factors to initiate RNA synthesis and bind to the promoter region to form a complex initiation for the binding of RNA polymerase and beginning of transcription. Polyadenylation play an important role in the transport of RNA from the nucleus to the protein. ENZYME LOCATION PRODUCTS RNA POLYMERASE I Nucleolus Ribosomal RNA, except RNAr 5S RNA POLYMERASE II Nucleus Nuclear pre-RNA RNA POLYMERASE III Nucleus RNAt small nuclear RNA Conclusion The processes of translation and transcription are related in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, however, due to prokaryotes not possessing nuclei, their DNA is not segregated from ribosomes and protein synthesis apparatus, which allow initiation of mRNA translation while transcription is occurring. Eukaryotes transcription occurs in the nucleus where RNA transcripts are modified to generate mRNA, the transporter of information from DNA to the cell synthesizing protein, which is then translated in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes have only one type of RNA for protein synthesis, such as ribosomal RNA. Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerase in the nucleus. RNA polymerase II is responsible for mRNA synthesis. RNA polymerases I and III transcribe RNA molecules that are not translated into protein. References  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Campbell, N., Reece, J., Urry, L., Cain, M., Wasserman, S., Minorsky, P., Jackson, R. (2008) Biology 8th Edition. San Francisco: Pearson international Edition. pp 351-367. Latchman, D. (2002) Gene Regulation: A eukaryotic perspective. 4th Edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd. pp 35-65. Karp, G. (2005) Cell and Molecular Biology. 4th Edition. United Sates of America: Von Hoffmann Press. pp 436-467.

Mergers and Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mergers and Acquisitions - Essay Example Man has always tried to conquer the unconquerable and do the undo able this is the same factor that drives the companies into the abyss of the unknown (Allan and Michael, 2010). In a bid to outdo and outsmart the competitors and get the upper hand of strategic advantages, companies cannibalise other companies or in some cases form understanding relationship. It is done either through merger and acquisition where one company either devours another one or decides to merge together and form a new entity (Andrews and Smith, 2006). A significant number of these mergers and acquisitions either goes smoothly whether the companies emerge victorious and successful in the process, while in other case the deal fails to get through, and the companies suffer massive financial damages (Debbage, 2004). a) Increased globalisation across the world has increased the number of across borders mergers and acquisitions around the world. The authors of the article named 'Dubious Logic of Global Mega-Merger s’, argue that most of the time the megamergers that take place, does not substantiate into something extra ordinary, as was thought to be. The article represents how the mega companies are still living under the shadows of the age old theory of the capitalists (Benner and Sandstrom, 2012). Most of the mighty and strong companies in and around the world strongly believe that the prevalence of one can only be guaranteed, if the prevalence of the others can be weakened. For example most of the big companies resort to constant and innumerable number of mergers and acquisitions in order to stay big and strong. The mergers and acquisitions have increased transfer of knowledge, transfer of resources, transfer of economy and even transfer of culture (Caoello and Gillesaie, 2003). This have helped to bridge the gap between the nations, between the companies and the between the various industrial sectors as well. So it can be argued that globalisation has led to concentration of compa nies (Chiefele, 2012). As companies engage in innumerable cases of mergers and acquisitions the length and breadth of the industry begins to get shortened. Thus slowly the industry begins to shrink and thus there remains only limited number of players. These players happen to call the shots. This argument is favoured by various researchers. Although the authors Cravens (2010) state that in reality there is no cause and effect relationship between globalisation and mergers and acquisitions. In fact globalisations after the World War II has lead to decreased concentration in certain industrial sectors. Companies engage in engage in merger and acquisition to take advantage of the economy of scale. Apart from that the other advantages are transfer of technical know-how, sharing of intellectual resources and other strategic advantages (Xu, 2000). The authors are right in their view that the history of merger and acquisitions is strewn with numerous failures but close review of the failur es will indicate that the failures were partly due to the management incompetency (David, James and Arthur, 2011). Due to incompetency, the management of the acquiring companies could not evaluate the exact economic value and the subsequent risks. Despite the fact that the history of mergers and acquisitions are riddled with innumerable failures but there are various successes stories also. The following table